If you have been reading about REV-ERB agonist and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2025-08-16. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory gene expression. In cell and animal experiments, SR9009 alters transcription of clock-controlled genes and metabolic pathways. The compound is not a hormone and does not resemble classical steroid structures. Its activity depends on binding to the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB, where it can modify corepressor recruitment.
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies of circadian biology and metabolic disease. Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise capacity, muscle metabolism, and blood lipid levels in rodents, but these findings come from controlled laboratory settings. The compound has low oral bioavailability in animals, which limits systemic exposure after swallowing. Investigators often use injected routes in experiments to achieve measurable plasma concentrations. Human clinical data are sparse, no approved therapeutic product exists, and whether animal effects translate to humans remains an open question.
In rodent studies, SR9009 has been reported to increase mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle and improve exercise endurance under some conditions. These findings led to popular descriptions such as an exercise mimetic, although that term oversimplifies the biology. Effects vary by dose, timing, tissue, and model. The compound's influence on circadian pathways means that time of administration can matter in experiments. Whether similar metabolic changes occur in humans remains largely unexplored in controlled published trials.
Pharmacokinetic data for SR9009 are limited in published literature. Some reports indicate low oral bioavailability and rapid clearance in animals, which complicates interpretation of exposure and effect. Researchers often use injected routes in preclinical work to achieve measurable systemic levels. Analytical studies rely on mass spectrometry to detect the parent compound and its metabolites. Questions about tissue distribution, active metabolites, and long-term consequences remain open. Species differences in metabolism can affect observed half-life and target engagement.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic REV-ERB agonist | Binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ in preclinical models |
| Molecular formula | C20H24ClN3O4S | Reported for the parent compound |
| CAS Registry Number | 1379686-30-2 | Common identifier in chemical databases |
| Appearance | Off-white to pale yellow solid | Typical research chemical solid |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol; low in water | Class: small organic molecule |
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, also called NR1D1 and NR1D2. These receptors help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene programs. The compound was developed for laboratory research, not as an approved therapeutic. Its identity is distinct from steroid hormones and selective androgen receptor modulators. Scientific interest centers on how REV-ERB activation changes gene expression in cells and animal models.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERB and strengthens recruitment of corepressor proteins such as NCoR and HDAC3. This increases repression of target genes, including Bmal1 and other clock-controlled and metabolic genes. In rodent studies, such changes have been linked to altered lipid handling, glucose metabolism, and energy expenditure. The precise chain of events between receptor binding and whole-body effects remains an active area of research. Findings in animals do not automatically translate to humans.
Laboratory studies often administer SR9009 by injection because oral absorption appears poor in rodents. Reported pharmacokinetic properties include rapid metabolism and low systemic exposure after oral dosing. Human pharmacokinetic data are sparse, so absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in people are not well defined. Some research explores related REV-ERB compounds with improved drug-like properties. Regulatory approval for any REV-ERB agonist as a human medicine has not been granted to date.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as a REV-ERB agonist. REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ are nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. The compound was identified in academic screening efforts to find synthetic ligands for these receptors. In cell and animal studies, SR9009 alters transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, and it can shift circadian behavior. It is not an approved therapeutic agent.
Mechanistically, SR9009 binds the ligand-binding domain of REV-ERBα/β and enhances recruitment of corepressor complexes. This represses target genes rather than activating them. Because REV-ERB proteins normally compete with ROR proteins at shared response elements, the net effect depends on tissue and timing. Researchers use SR9009 to probe how nuclear receptor signaling links the clock to metabolism, inflammation, and muscle biology. Findings are largely preclinical, and the precise contribution of each receptor subtype remains under study.
SR9009 is frequently discussed in fitness and research-chemical contexts, yet it has no approved medical indication. Regulatory agencies have not authorized it for human use, and it is not a standard prescription drug. Some sports organizations list it as a prohibited substance because of its potential performance-enhancing properties. Published human data are sparse, so claims about its effects in people often rely on animal models or anecdotal reports. Quality and identity of online materials can vary widely.
== Protein classification == Proteins may be classified according to both structural and sequential similarity. For structural classification, the sizes and spatial arrangements of secondary structures described in the above paragraph are compared in known three-dimensional structures. Classification based on sequence similarity was historically the first to be used. Initially, similarity based on alignments of whole sequences was performed. Later, proteins were classified on the basis of the occurrence of conserved amino acid patterns. Databases that classify proteins by one or more of these schemes are available. In considering protein classification schemes, it is important to keep several observations in mind. First, two entirely different protein sequences from different evolutionary origins may fold into a similar structure. Conversely, the sequence of an ancient gene for a given structure may have diverged considerably in different species while at the same time maintaining the same basic structural features. Recognizing any remaining sequence similarity in such cases may be a very difficult task. Second, two proteins that share a significant degree of sequence similarity either with each other or with a third sequence also share an evolutionary origin and should share some structural features also. However, gene duplication and genetic rearrangements during evolution may give rise to new gene copies, which can then evolve into proteins with new function and structure.
Bryant Park is a 9.6-acre (3.9 ha), privately managed public park in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is located between Fifth Avenue and Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue) and between 40th and 42nd Streets in Midtown Manhattan. The eastern half of Bryant Park is occupied by the Main Branch of the New York Public Library. The western half contains a lawn, shaded walkways, and amenities such as a carousel, and is located entirely over an underground structure that houses the library's stacks. The park hosts several events, including a seasonal "Winter Village" with an ice rink and shops during the winter. The first park at the site was opened in 1847 and was called Reservoir Square due to its proximity to the Croton Distributing Reservoir. Reservoir Square contained the New York Crystal Palace, which hosted the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations in 1853 and burned down in 1858. The square was renamed in 1884 for abolitionist and journalist William Cullen Bryant. The reservoir was demolished in 1900 and the New York Public Library's main branch was built on the site, opening in 1911. Bryant Park was rebuilt in 1933–1934 to a plan by Lusby Simpson. After a period of decline, it was restored in 1988–1992 by landscape architects Hanna/Olin Ltd. and architects Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates, during which the park was rebuilt and the library's stacks were built underneath. Further improvements were made in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
== Ex vivo or in vivo methods == Methods that screen protein–protein interactions in the living cells. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is a technique for observing the interactions of proteins. Combining it with other new techniques, dual expression recombinase based (DERB) methods can enable the screening of protein–protein interactions and their modulators. The yeast two-hybrid screen investigates the interaction between artificial fusion proteins inside the nucleus of yeast. This approach can identify the binding partners of a protein without bias. However, the method has a notoriously high false-positive rate, which makes it necessary to verify the identified interactions by co-immunoprecipitation.
However, major drawbacks of SMB are the inability of separating a mixture into three fractions and the lack of solvent gradient applicability. In the case of antibodies, the state-of-the-art technique is based on batch affinity chromatography (with Protein A or Protein G as ligands) which is able to selectively bind antibody molecules. In general, affinity techniques have the advantage of purifying biomolecules with high yields and purities but the disadvantages are in general the high stationary phase cost, ligand leaching and reduced cleanability. The MCSGP process can result in purities and yields comparable to those of purification using Protein A. The second application example for the MCSGP prototype is the separation of three MAb variants using a preparative weak cation-exchange resin. Although the intermediately eluting MAb variant can only be obtained with 80% purity at recoveries close to zero in a batch chromatographic process, the MCSGP process can provide 90% purity at 93% yield. A numerical comparison of the MCSGP process with the batch chromatographic process, and a batch chromatographic process including ideal recycling, has been performed using an industrial polypeptide purification as the model system. It shows that the MCSGP process can increase the productivity by a factor of 10 and reduce the solvent requirement by 90%.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
. A 2022 paper provides a less costly, dynamical and recurrent solution of the Navier-Stokes equation for 3D turbulent fluid flows. On suitably short time scales, the dynamics of turbulence is deterministic.
military operation as "legitimate" and "defensive intervention." She reaffirmed the government's support for a democratic transition in Venezuela, condemned repression by the Maduro government, whose electoral victory it does not recognize, and stated that while Italy opposes external military intervention, it considers defensive action against hybrid threats to national security, including those linked to state actors involved in narcotrafficking, to be legitimate. Kosovo: President Vjosa Osmani expressed her support for the US, stating that "Kosovo understands the impact of American resolve – our liberation is a testament to that. At a time when the US is confronting tyranny in Venezuela, we must all reinforce this stance, because the transatlantic community is strongest when united behind American leadership and shared values. When America leads, we stand proudly together – because our collective freedom depends on it." Prime Minister Albin Kurti also expressed his full support for the US, arguing that the strikes were in defense of Western democratic values. Liechtenstein: The government of Liechtenstein called for adherence to international law. Malta: The Maltese government, which had not recognised Maduro's legitimacy, called for de-escalation and respect for international law. North Macedonia: Foreign Minister Timčo Mucunski welcomed President Donald Trump's announcement that Nicolás Maduro had been arrested and would face justice.
In 1929, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was formed to resolve the chaos resulting from the Mexican Revolution. Over time, this party gained political influence and had a major impact on Mexico's social and economic policies. The party created ties with various groups as a power play in order to gain influence, and as a result created more corruption in the government. One such power play was an alliance with drug traffickers. This political corruption obscured justice, making it difficult to identify violence when it related to drugs. By the 1940s, the tie between the drug cartels and the PRI had solidified. This arrangement created immunity for the leaders of the drug cartels and allowed drug trafficking to grow under the protection of the government officials. During the 1990s, the PRI lost some elections to the new National Action Party (PAN). Chaos again emerged as elected government in Mexico changed drastically. As the PAN party took control, drug cartel leaders took advantage of the ensuing confusion and used their existing influence to further gain power. Instead of negotiating with the central government as was done with the PRI party, drug cartels utilized new ways to distribute their supply and continued operating through force and intimidation. As Mexico became more democratized, the corruption fell from a centralized power to the local authorities. Cartels began to bribe local authorities, thus eliminating the structure and rules placed by the government—giving cartels more freedom.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Ibogaine's hallucinogenic effects not being mediated by serotonin 5-HT2A receptor activation has been said to be in accordance with its hallucinogenic effects in humans being qualitatively distinct from and unlike those of serotonergic psychedelics but instead similar to those of harmala alkaloids. It is also in accordance with the fact that unlike serotonergic psychedelics like LSD, neither ibogaine nor harmala alkaloids cause pupil dilation or increase blood pressure in humans. Conversely, unlike serotonergic psychedelics, ibogaine and harmaline are said to cause balance disturbances and vomiting to a greater extent than any other psychoactive drug besides alcohol. Ibogaine shows appreciable affinity for the NMDA receptor. However, the NMDA receptor antagonists phencyclidine (PCP) and dizocilpine (MK-801) fail to substitute for ibogaine and ibogaine fails to substitute for these NMDA receptor antagonists in rodents and/or monkeys. Hence, NMDA receptor antagonism does not appear to be involved in the subjective effects of ibogaine. Neither μ-opioid receptor agonists nor κ-opioid receptor agonists like U-50,488 substitute for ibogaine. In addition, the opioid antagonist naloxone did not substitute for ibogaine. However, naltrexone partially substitutes for ibogaine. In addition, the mixed opioid agonists and antagonists pentazocine, diprenorphine, and nalorphine partially substituted for ibogaine and this could be antagonized by naloxone. The preceding findings suggest a role of opioid receptors but not the NMDA receptor in the effects of ibogaine.
freeway removal incentives, heavy-duty alternative fuel vehicle grants, grants for training contractors to perform home electrifications, grants for environmental justice promotion, grants for improvements to state and local environmental impact assessment capacity, and the EPA's green bank, the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund.
From Taxco, the party traveled through mountainous terrain to Cuernavaca and then to a vantage point above the Valley of Mexico, where Humboldt admired the lakes, ancient ruins, and the city of Mexico itself. He regarded Mexico City as a magnificent metropolis, rich in history and architecture, and was warmly received by local society. Humboldt and his party were provided with comfortable lodgings and given official support by the Viceroy, Don Jose de Iturrigaray, who granted them access to archives, mines, plantations, and antiquities. Humboldt found the city’s educational institutions, particularly the School of Mines, to be outstanding in Latin America. He contributed to a geology textbook, which became the first of its kind in the Americas to bear his name as co-author. At the central square of Mexico City, the Zócalo, Humboldt was introduced to ongoing excavations near the imposing Cathedral. He was particularly inspired by the discovery of Aztec sculptures, most notably the famous Aztec calendar stone. Encountering these artifacts firsthand, Humboldt felt a sense of awe at the evidence of sophisticated ancient civilizations. He saw the Aztec calendar as proof of universal human ingenuity, comparing it to the astronomical achievements of Egypt and China. Humboldt meticulously sketched these sculptures, recognizing their value for understanding pre-Columbian history and science. Humboldt, accompanied by Bonpland and the nobleman Carlos de Montúfar, also traveled to the pyramids of Teotihuacan, located northeast of the capital.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved medicine, and its effects in humans are not well characterized.
No. It is a synthetic ligand that binds nuclear receptors, not a steroid or peptide hormone. Its activity depends on receptor binding rather than endocrine secretion.
Clinical evidence is limited. Most published data come from cell and animal experiments. Human safety and efficacy remain uncertain.
It is a synthetic research compound that activates REV-ERB nuclear receptors. It is not an approved drug or dietary supplement. Most information comes from cell and animal studies.